Monday, December 7, 2015

Reflection on Open Letter Draft

AJC ajcann.wordpress.com, "Peer Review" 05/23/08 via Flickr, CC0 Public Domain
I reviewed Cynthia and Ann Emilie's Open Letters. In this post, I will mainly reflect on my peers' comments on my own draft of an open letter, in which  I will answer questions about my overall revision plan/process/and reflection.

1. Did you demonstrate an ability to think about your writing and yourself as a writer?

Personally, I believe I did. I talked about my writing/revising/planning, and how it has changed. I fell like I could elaborate more in this context, however, as I focused more on time management. As writing was the main focus of this class I should talk more about how my writing has transformed and include examples.

2. Did you provide analysis of your experiences, writing assignments, or concepts you have learned?

I did provide a brief analysis of my own experiences, but not much else in terms of analysis of concepts I learned or assignments I completed. My purpose was sort of unclear when I was writing the letter, but  these questions, as well as my peers' comments, are helping me to understand that I should focus more on how my writing has changed in this course through concepts learned and personal experiences in the course.

3. Did you provide concrete examples from your own writing?

No, unfortunately, I didn't include any concrete examples in my rough draft. I was unsure of where quotes or links would be necessary, but if I elaborate more on my writing and examples of course assignments, I think this placement will become much more clear.

4. Did you explain why you made certain choices and whether or not those choices were effective?

This, I believe I did well. I definitely talked about regrettable choices that I made, why I made those choices, and why they were regrettable. I think if I add this same level of explanation to choices I made in terms of writing and assignments, instead of just deadlines and time management, my letter has great potential.

Overall, I have a long way to go in the revision process, as my letter doesn't contain much evidence or analysis on the actual writing and course lessons that affected my writing style, on top of my process. I believe if I merely add more of this, the rest of my revisions will become easier and more local.

Saturday, December 5, 2015

Draft of open letter

OpenIcons, "Letter" 04/01/13 via Pixabay, CC0 Public Domain
Thanks for taking the time to read the rough draft of my letter in advance. I am aware that I didn't add any evidence from my blog posts, I will definitely do that in my final draft. Other than that, please let me know what I can add to my letter to help it to serve its purpose, and what points I need to better touch on in order to effectively complete this project and receive a good grade. Essentially, I would really appreciate any comments that directly explain what I still need to do in order to address all of the questions/guidelines in the Project 4 guide. Here is my rough draft.

Reflecting More On My Writing Experiences

Buck, "The Future Next Exit" 07/15/09 via Flickr, CC0 Public Domain
In this post I touch more on my experience in this course, as well as how I think this course has helped me find myself as a writer and as a student.

1. The biggest challenges I faced in this course were finding ways to make time for the large amount of coursework demanded in this class. I could have probably completed the actual drafts/projects without much stress or many problems, honestly. It was the deadlines with 5 blog posts, 2 read/reply/reflects, and a rough draft due that I could not keep up. Not keeping up would get me even more stressed out, which would, in turn, cause me to get further and further behind. Don't get me wrong, I completely understand why the blog posts were assigned, and they did help me gain skills as a writer, I just personally couldn't always handle all that was assigned.

2. I learned that my time-management, writing, and editing skills were not as great as I thought they were before this class. Editing was something that I didn't even realize I struggled with, but when I would go to revise my pieces, I wouldn't even know where to start. Peer review definitely helped this issue, and I can now see that taking a fresh, outside perspective and analyzing my piece for my rhetorical situation can really help transform and polish a piece.

3. Each differing genre demands a writer to essentially reinvent themselves, while maintaining their own unique voice and style as a writer. In high school, there was never much chance to experiment with genres, to understand how to transform a single topic from a QRG to an explanation of a rhetorical analysis to a buzzfeed article. In fact, we really only focused on one genre at a time, if we even shifted away from rhetorical analysis all year. Learning about different genres, different settings for writing, helped to expand my variety and flexibility as a writer.

4. Even though this is the only writing/english course I need to complete in my major, the projects we did will be very helpful for my future as a student and ultimately a neuroscientist. I learned how to find relevant research in my topic, how to turn that research into a well-rounded paper for an audience to read (in many different genres), how to properly cite the piece, and how to revise a piece until it is essentially publishable in my field. All skills that will definitely come in handy as I do research in my field.

5. My most effective moment from this semester was Project 3. I completed most if not all of the blog posts, and actually understood how to work in a genre I was unfamiliar with. I started from scratch and used techniques from this class, such as analyzing my rhetorical situation, until I understood my genre, audience, context, and purpose, and wrote my piece as such. My grade for this project definitely reflected this, as I got an 87, the highest of all of my final drafts for this class.

6. My least effective moment from this semester was Project 1. I missed several blog posts, and didn't take much time to try to understand the genre of the QRG. Although, in my defense, I thought I understood it at the time. My QRG seemed fine to me, but I ended up with a D on my final draft, so the amount of effort I put in was adequately represented, I suppose.

Revisiting my writing process

Lim, Walter, "A Reminder to Slay the Procrastination Beast" 10/08/14 via Flickr, CC0 Public Domain
In this post, I plan to reflect on my writing process, or what I believed it to be at the beginning of the course, at least. In my first few blog posts I explained my technique as a writer (in terms of completing writing projects), as well as my "ideal" calendar of how I would manage my time in conjunction with this class and the homework assigned.

Needless to say, while I did have a general idea of myself as a writer, nothing went ideally, or even remotely as planned in terms of my plan for being successful in this class.

I would still call myself a sequential writer, although I have been getting better at learning to take time after finishing a piece to look it over and perform some revisions, especially after our peer review experiences as a class. I did not plan on procrastinating as much as I did, however. Usually I can start the school year/semester off strong, and gradually drift into bad habits of turning in late assignments, but right from the beginning of this class it seemed the course load was just too much on top of my other obligations to actually gradually complete assignments like I should have done. There were times that I REALLY tried to start the deadline before the day it was due, but work, other assignments, and my personal life would completely take over until suddenly it was 4:15 pm on a Saturday, and with none of my deadline completed I would have to leave to work from 5-1 am, praying I would get time on my break to complete everything. There were other weeks where nothing interfered except for my own anxiety, stressing myself out more and more with the deadline in the back of my mind, to the point where I pushed it to the last possible minute.

Still, I am, for the most part, proud of everything I turned in for this course. There wasn't a single final draft that I turned in that I thought I would do poorly on or that I didn't give my best, even though my grades don't really reflect that. If I were to continue using the same time management techniques for the next few years that I used this semester, I can not envision doing well in school or my future career, but I'm hoping I can use this semester as more of a learning experience, where I taught myself how hard things can be when you put them off. As for my writing style, I feel I'll always be someone who plans, writes, and revises as I go, all in one draft, but I feel I learned how/when other writing styles can be useful through this course.

Saturday, November 21, 2015

Reflection on Project 3

Longo, Dr. Wendy, "Looking Back" 05/13/07 via Flickr, Creative Commons 2.0 License
In this post I will reflect on my revision process for my public argument, mostly through answering the 9 questions provided in Writing Public Lives pg. 520.

1. Specifically, what I revised from one draft to another was the addition of new points to my argument. From the feedback I received, I learned that the best way to improve my piece was to just add more points to make to my argument, such as the history of my argument, and the counterargument. I also used these new points to strengthen the convincing analysis of my argument, my tone, and my evidence/support.

2. I didn't really reconsider much globally. My thesis didn't change, nor did my argument or my way of organizing my argument. I simply added more depth to what I had already provided, so nothing too major was reconsidered.

3. The changes I made were mostly due to reconsidering and reflecting on both my audience and my purpose. I realized that my audience was starting on the opposite side of my argument, most likely, so it would take more to convince them (which was my purpose) of my own opinion. This is especially why I included the counterargument, to relate to my audience and restate my opinion on the argument at the end.

4. These changes definitely improve my credibility as an author. Adding evidence, historical perspective, and acknowledgement of the counterargument all can fall under the category of "ethos" in an argument, although evidence can add to logos as well. By adding these things I am showing my audience different perspectives, proving that I know what I am talking about from all angles of the argument.

5. Again, the counterargument addresses the audience's presumable opinion on my subject for argument. By doing this I not only relate to the audience better, increasing their liking of my piece and therefore making them more likely to agree with me, but I am showing my audience that I have thought of everything when developing my argument. I also add the use of the word "our" at the end of my piece, saying "Gender inequalities and injustice is a problem in our society," thus relating to the audience even more.

6. Sentence structure and style was not a big focus of mine when revising. The only local changes I made were adding variety to some of the phrases/words I seemed to repeat often, and making sure my tone was dramatically visible enough.

7. My audience will understand my purpose better now because of my last point that I added. My last point ties the entire argument together, facts with opinion, almost serving as a type of conclusion for my piece. In a way this almost restates my purpose for the audience.

8.  I definitely had to revisit the conventions of my genre when revising. My genre was surprisingly difficult to work with, because it is usually so incredibly brief. Each buzzfeed list will contain 5-25 points, with each point having a one sentence explanation. For a list of the 10 emojis your mom should have, this is perfect. For a public argument on neuroscientific sex-differences, this is impossible. I worked around this brevity as much as possible, but my argument still doesn't follow the genre completely.

9. Overall, the same thing happens to me every time I revise... I have trouble finding any flaws in my piece. It's not that my piece is godly or flawless, because there are definitely problems that others find in my piece, it is just that when I write a rough draft I usually feel pretty good about it, and so when I reread it, that doesn't change. This is why reading peer comments is helpful for me, to identify what I need to work on as a writer. This specific revision helped me realize that most of my pieces have potential, they just need more substance, which is how I revised this piece.

Publishing Public Argument



Thomaseagle, "Sharpened Pencil Next to Sheet Paper" 3/26/08 via Wikipedia Commons,  Creative Commons 3.0 license

This post contains the link to my final draft of my public argument, as well as a small analysis on my argument based off of the questions provided. NOTE: My argument has longer descriptions than a buzzfeed article, obviously. If I had only the tiny descriptions that buzzfeed articles describe, I would have no evidence at all in my argument, and it wouldn't be nearly as effective. Please take that into account when reading my piece.



1.
 ←----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------x---------------------------->
Strongly                                            Totally neutral                                                    Strongly 
agree                                                                                                                          disagree

2.
←----x------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------->
Strongly                                            Totally neutral                                                    Strongly
agree                                                                                                                          disagree

3.
         ___x___ My public argument etablishes an original pro position on an issue of debate.
         _______ My public argument establishes an original con position on an issue of debate.
         _______ My public argument clarifies the causes for a problem that is being debated.
         _______ My public argument prooposes a solution for a problem that is being debated.
         _______ My public argument positively evaluate a specific solution or policy under debate (and clearly identifies the idea I'm supporting).
         _______ My public argument openly refutes a specific solution or policy under debate (and clearly identifies the idea I'm refuting).

4.
My argument is more than just a simple restatement of the facts I've gathered on my topic. My argument introduces the topic in a uniquely casual  way, with a great amount of passion and emotion attached, therefore providing a different outlook/perspective on the information I used.
5.
Ethical or credibility-establishing appeals
                    _____ Telling personal stories that establish a credible point-of-view
                    __x__ Referring to credible sources (established journalism, credentialed experts, etc.)
                    _____ Employing carefully chosen key words or phrases that demonstrate you are credible (proper terminology, strong but clear vocabulary, etc.)
                    __x__ Adopting a tone that is inviting and trustworthy rather than distancing or alienating
                    __x__ Arranging visual elements properly (not employing watermarked images, cropping images carefully, avoiding sloppy presentation)
                    _____ Establishing your own public image in an inviting way (using an appropriate images of yourself, if you appear on camera dressing in a warm or friendly or professional manner, appearing against a background that’s welcoming or credibility-establishing)
                    _____ Sharing any personal expertise you may possess about the subject (your identity as a student in your discipline affords you some authority here)
                    __x__ Openly acknowledging counterarguments and refuting them intelligently
                    _____ Appealing openly to the values and beliefs shared by the audience (remember that the website/platform/YouTube channel your argument is designed for helps determine the kind of audience who will encounter your piece)
                    _____ Other: 
Emotional appeals
                    _____ Telling personal stories that create an appropriate emotional impact for the debate
                    __x__ Telling emotionally compelling narratives drawn from history and/or the current culture 
                    __x__ Employing the repetition of key words or phrases that create an appropriate emotional impact 
                    __x__ Employing an appropriate level of formality for the subject matter (through appearance, formatting, style of language, etc.)
                    __x__ Appropriate use of humor for subject matter, platform/website, audience
                    __x__ Use of “shocking” statistics in order to underline a specific point
                    __x__ Use of imagery to create an appropriate emotional impact for the debate
                    _____ Employing an attractive color palette that sets an appropriate emotional tone (no clashing or ‘ugly’ colors, no overuse of too many variant colors, etc.)
                    _____ Use of music to create an appropriate emotional impact for the debate
                    _____ Use of sound effects to create an appropriate emotional impact for the debate
                    __x__ Employing an engaging and appropriate tone of voice for the debate
                    _____ Other: 
Logical or rational appeals
                    __x__ Using historical records from credible sources in order to establish precedents, trends, or patterns
                    __x__ Using statistics from credible sources in order to establish precedents, trends, or patterns
                    _____ Using interviews from stakeholders that help affirm your stance or position
                    __x__ Using expert opinions that help affirm your stance or position
                    __x__ Effective organization of elements, images, text, etc. 
                    __x__ Clear transitions between different sections of the argument (by using title cards, interstitial music, voiceover, etc.)
                    _____ Crafted sequencing of images/text/content in order to make linear arguments
                    __x__ Intentional emphasis on specific images/text/content in order to strengthen argument
                    _____ Careful design of size/color relationships between objects to effectively direct the viewer’s attention/gaze (for visual arguments)
                    _____ Other: 

6. Here are three (1, 2, 3) examples of my genre. The third is possibly closest to my argument.

Sunday, November 15, 2015

Reflection on Project 3 Draft

ClkerFreeVectorImages, "Thinker" 2012 via Pixabay, CC0 Public Domain
This post is my reflection on the process of writing and peer-reviewing for project 3. I reviewed Clay and Cynthia's project 3 drafts. Overall, upon reviewing their drafts I found some flaws, as well as strengths, in my own draft. It is hard with this project in particular to compare however, as we are all doing different genres.

1. Jessi Grossman, Tyler Gray and Rose Kowalski all reviewed my draft of a public argument.

2. I liked Rose's review the best, of course, because she gave me high scores for all of the topics that encompass my draft. However, in terms of what was the most helpful, Tyler's comments in my argumentation were good starting points for moving forward with my draft. While I have good points as-is, I could incorporate more of those points, new additions to the list, thus adding more support without straying from my genre.

3. I think argumentation needs to be my biggest focus from here on out. I feel, despite some of the scores I received, like I have a clear understanding of my purpose, audience, and genre, but I had so much fun creating my piece, I forgot to focus on making it much of an argument. Again, by adding more numbers to my list, I can open up more room for argumentation, rebuttals, more evidence, etc.

4. I did not attend any instructor meetings, as I probably should have in order to get a better sense of how I'm doing on this project, and if I'm at least headed in the right direction. Personally, I feel confident in my general idea for my argument. While my draft may not have been perfect, I feel like I am on the right track and my peers reflected my opinions, for the most part.

Saturday, November 7, 2015

Draft of Public Argument

johnhain, "Conflict" 2014 via Pixabay, CC0 Public Domain
Here is my rough draft for Project 3, my public argument. I wanted to do an opinionated buzzfeed article swayed in one direction (the direction of sex-difference research mattering). I didn't realize buzzfeed doesn't have much in the way of actual "articles", more lists with pictures (like this), so that is what I created, with a few more words to add evidence. I'm pretty happy with the way it turned out. I want to add more evidence to it, but the way it is split up, sort of into logos, pathos, and ethos is intriguing to me. Let me know what you think, what I should add or take away (since the lists are usually pretty short), etc.

Considering Visual Elements

Stux, "Frame" 2014 via Pixabay, CC0 Public Domain 

Project 3 Outline

Nicoguaro, "MindMapGuidelines" 06/07/11 via Wikipedia Commons, Public Domain
Introduction:

-Define or Narrow the Problem- This is most likely what will be used in an introduction in my piece, for my particular genre, as my genre uses its title as its largest portion of an introduction, and then a sentence or too defining the title further. I might use some outlandish title about men and women being different, and then clarify that this doesn't make them unequal.

Body:

1. Major supporting arguments

  • there is scientific evidence of sex-differences and sex-difference research being important
  • there are many neuroscientists who agree with my argument
  • there is historical evidence of sex-difference research mattering 

2. Major criticisms

  • neuroscientists who criticize the research
  • societal views on sexism and its definition

3. I will likely address all of my supporting arguments, but in terms of rebuttal, since I'm trying to be as opinionated in my own view as possible, I will just talk about societal views, and possibly incorporate other critics into that category.

4. Topic sentences

  • Scientific research has proven sex-differences between men and women.
  • Dr. Larry Cahill, a neuroscientist with great credibility in the subject, believes in the importance of sex-difference research.
  • In the past, avoiding sex-differences has caused life-threatening issues.
5. Evidence
  • hyperlink to a source that contains evidence on what parts of the brain are different and how
  • briefly describe the hyperlink
  • hyperlink to Cahill's argument
  • briefly describe the hyperlink
  • hyperlink to a source that describes the ambien disaster in 2013
  • briefly describe the hyperlink

6. Map of all of this

Conclusion:
-Call to Action- While my genre generally doesn't have any sort of conclusion,  a call to action might be appropriate to include, since that is going to be the tone of my argument, especially towards the end, that this problem of sex-differences being ignored must be changed in some way. However, my call to action may be more implicit than explicitly stated at the end of my piece like a normal conclusion.

Reflection: Upon reading Mark and Breanna's outlines for Project 3, I realized mine is much shorter in length and substance than theirs. It is clear that they went more in depth in their outlines than I did. I am not usually someone who maps out my writing before I write a piece, so for me outlines are sort of useless, and therefore I don't feel the need to include specific evidence in them like the others included in theirs. I also think that things are a little different in my genre, so I have less that needs to be included, which is why my outline reflects that brevity that I need.

Analyzing My Genre

BuzzFeed, "Buzzfeed Logo" 03/30/12 via Wikipedia Commons,  Public Domain
This post will explain the genre I intend to use forma public argument. Overall I plan on it being a list-article like the ones that I usually only see on buzzfeed, so all of my examples are from that site.

Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5

Social Context:

  • The genre is typically set on buzzfeed, as explained, but may be seen on any popular entertainment source online, that doesn't have much factuality or credibility. Practically anyone could write a buzzfeed article.
  • There is not usually one subject of the genre, it ranges from serious topics to "12 emojis your mom would send", but most of the articles are lists, that give numbered points adding to the overall purpose.
  • The genre is open to the general public, so it could potentially be used by anyone, but would most likely be used humorously, or to make an argument/describe an event through use of little words, i..e. the Rob Lowe example, so in any way that is not to be taken as the most credible source.
  • The purpose of this genre is generally to be a source of relatable entertainment, or a time passer. However, at times Buzzfeed posts articles like "5 reasons you need _____ in your life", in which it will make a less factual, more opinionated argument in a very simplistic way. 

Rhetorical Patterns of the Genre:

  • Facts, statistics, and other in-depth evidence are very rarely found in Buzzfeed list articles. This type of content, or wordy quotes, are content unlikely to be included. There are usually hyperlinks that link to more evidence, however.
  • The most common rhetorical appeal in this genre is the appeal to pathos. Appealing to emotion helps the author connect with the audience and seem more relatable, thus increasing the power of the argument. Especially on a less factual source like buzzfeed, people are expecting that kind of emotion.
  • The organization in this genre mostly just includes a title, subtitles in list (but conversational) form, a related picture, and then a brief explanation. These vary from example to example, but this is the general outline.
  • The sentences mostly share a simple, casual style. Again, to create that relatability, a casual tone, as if the author is simply having a conversation with friends, is employed. The sentences also are usually brief and lack depth.
  • In terms of word choice, this genre keeps it pretty simple, and in a way dumbed-down. Using words that appeal to a younger, more hip generation are often employed such as acronyms like "idgaf" and "lol".

What the Patterns Reveal:

  • This genre doesn't really exclude anyone. The only exception might be its lack of appeal to an actual scholar, or someone looking for real, in depth and ground-breaking information on a subject.
  • The genre encourages a casual conversation about the topic or argument between its author and audience. Since it is usually so based on opinions, it is up for an open debate and often debated in the comments.
  • It is assumed that most of the audience for this genre is going to be younger, more entertainment-enfatuated people. This group tends to sway democratic on social issues, politically speaking, which can change how certain arguments are perceived.
  • The two most valuable types of content in this genre are pictures and outside references, such as hyperlinks. The least valuable for this genre is long explanations, or much evidence at all.

Reflection: After reading about Scott and Lauren's genres, I realize mine is way more simplistic. In both of their genres, it is easy to make an argument, including a great deal of evidence and opinionated explanation throughout. In my genre, however, There is usually an emphasis on brevity, so there is not much room to actually MAKE an argument. I'm not sure how this will effect my overall draft, but I will try to find a way to incorporate all of the pieces of my genre with making a public argument.

Tuesday, November 3, 2015

Considering Types

Chiltepinster, "Mocking Bird Argument" 6/26/11 via Wikipedia Commons, Creative Commons License 

In this post I will go over  the different types of arguments that can be made. Specifically, I will be commenting on if I will be using that type of argument, and why it does or does not work with my own purpose, for each type.

Position: A position is otherwise commonly thought of as a pro/con argument, you are using the argument to take a stand one way or the other. These arguments are usually good at capturing the audience through and emotional reaction, as well as putting certain ideas and biases into an audience's head about a subject. 

At risk of jumping the gun, I am already in favor of using a position in my argument. I just find that it is the easiest to use in an opinionated piece, as positions are so inherently opinionated.

Casual: A causal argument aims to focus on the future of the situation or topic at hand. It shows a cause and effect relationship between a problem and a solution, or a problem and a lack of sufficient solution. A causal argument is most helpful when you are trying to be extra dramatic in your position, and you are aiming for your audience to look at the situation and solve it rationally.

A causal argument might have worked for me, and I might still use pieces of causal arguments. However, a position works better for my purpose, seeing as I don't want people to look at the situation completely rationally, I want to invoke talk, controversy, and emotion among readers.

Evaluative: An evaluative argument can be either the least or the most argumentative and emotional of the types. It goes in depth on how successful something in a controversy is, such as a policy. An evaluative argument is like an objective version of a position, it shows the current state without necessarily taking a stance on it.

Evaluative arguments won't work for my sake, as I need to stir up that emotion, and the present situation is less important to me than how the situation is presented to the audience in an interesting way.

Proposal: A proposal asks its readers to take a stand on the argument. For instance, if the argument was feeding the poor and hungry in other countries, the proposal might be to donate money. If the argument was red light cameras being banned in tucson, the proposal is to have a vote on them being banned. 

For my purpose, a proposal is not important. I don't care which side my audience chooses, even though I am offering an opinionated position. All I want is for my audience to gain some interest in neuroscience controversies.

Refutation: A refutation looks at a current or previous argument and offers the opposing side to that argument. It shows all the ways in which that argument may be wrong, and in its own way takes a side or position on a subject. 

While I may refer to and refute some past articles or facts, there is not one specific argument that I want to focus on opposing for my own argument, which is why a refutation wouldn't work for the sake of my argumentative piece.


Reflection: I looked at Clay (Rhetorical Action Plan) and Mark's (Rhetorical Action Plan, Considering Types) posts in order to see how others were addressing making plans for there posts, and to reflect upon my own. I discovered that, when considering types and my action plan, I had been sort of narrow-minded and set on how I wanted my argument to be presented, just as it appeared others struggled with. I think that I will still go with my same plan and type of argument, as I think a position is what will be best for an emotional buzzfeed article, but analyzing others' plans has helped me to better realize how I can go about structuring the position in an interesting way.

My Rhetorical Action Plan

742680, "Planning" 02/15 via Pixabay, CC0 Public Domain
The purpose of this post is to analyze my plan in terms of my audience, my genre, and my actions/responses in and to my argument. Through the bulleted list of questions in Writing Public Lives, pgs. 412-413, I can achieve a detailed plan for my rhetorical actions in my argument, and better determine my audience, purpose, and context.

1. Audience: My audience does not need to know much, if anything at all, about my topic for argument, since I want the argument to intrigue them into the topic. In terms of values, I am assuming there will be an abundance of people who are on the liberal side of the argument, believing sex-difference research can be sexist. Statistical evidence with a great deal of claims to frame the evidence might be helpful for my audience, to give them some immediate information on the subject, as well as facts that appear irrefutable. Images, a few, might help engage my readers and peak their interest more, maybe even add to the emotion of the piece. My audience is reading my piece to gain knowledge about current controversies in gender equality and neuroscience, they will possibly take a position of their own after reading mine.

2. Genre: My genre will be an opinionated article for my argument. This genre, as previously mentioned, might be seen on sites like buzzed or slate. The reason this genre works for my purpose is because it appeals to the right audience, the younger audience that has little interest in academic issues. I can use an abundance of pathos in this argument to add to the emotional charge of it, and an informal, conversational tone to add reliability.

3. Responses/Actions: In terms of positive support, people could agree with the position I am taking, and possibly want to take the same or a similar position on the subject. Even if they don't agree, they could give positive support through peaceful disagreement and constructive criticism on the factuality of my argument. In terms of negative rebuttal, I am most worried about those who will still find the topic boring, or find it cheesy and obviously overdramatic. This could lead to them spreading the dislike of the subject of neuroscience, which is the opposite of what I want.

Analyzing Purpose

godserv,"Got Purpose?" 4/13/10 via Flickr, Creative Commons License
The purpose of my argument is unlike the purpose of some others' arguments. While mine does have to do with a topic in my field of study, the purpose of my argument is more about the audience and the way my argument is presented than the argument itself. I explain my purpose more in the following answers to questions from Writing Public Lives pg. 326.

1. For my argument, my purpose is to engage the public, people who usually are not into the subject of neuroscience, or at least not as much as they are into the subject of tabloids and entertainment, of current topics in the field. I want to get people talking about neuroscientific controversies, even if that means instigating the argument with a fun, biased, and opinionated argument.

2. Possible reactions: readers could become more interested in neuroscience and its controversies, readers could not gain or lose any interest in the field, readers could become more interested in gender issues, and/or people could choose to take their own stance on sex-difference research.

Less possible reactions: people are even less interested in neuroscience or gender differences, people take a stand to completely support sex-difference research (since my argument argues against this)

3.  From my possible reactions from the audience of my argument, there is the possibility that readers could become more interested in the field of neuroscience. If a reader reads my argument and is more interested in neuroscience than before, this could lead to them wanting to become involved in the field, and possibly them aiding, financing, or doing some of their own research on the subject, giving my field more help and more information to work with, as well as more recognition from the public.

4. Because nearly anyone could be a neuroscientist or aspiring neuroscientist if they cared enough about the subject and put their minds to it, my audience can be the general public. But, more specifically, I need my audience to originally know very little about or have very little interest in neuroscience. This is why a site like buzzfeed seems like the perfect platform for my argument, as it could peak the interest of a less academic public there.

Analyzing Context

Stawig, "Argument Logo" 10/03/11 via Wikipedia Commons,  Creative Commons License
This post addresses the context of the argument that I will be making for project 3. My argument involves the question of whether it is immoral to do medical/scientific research (and make claims about that research) on how both sexes differ, as it could open up room for sexism, or if it is immoral not to do the research on sexes, since they do biologically differ. From the questions in Writing Public Lives:

1. There are two key perspectives on my argument. Either a person wants to continue sex-difference research, or they think it is sexist to do so. Both sides of the argument make good points about the morality of each option, as it has become such a moral development. The perspectives are on opposite ends of the spectrum of the topic, also, and the only middle-ground perspective is of those who simply don't care about the argument at all.

2. The biggest contention between perspectives on my argument is sexism, and how it factors into the research. The problem is that calling men and women inherently "different" allows people to treat men and women differently. For instance, finding out that women don't handle stress as well as men (just an example, not a real fact) could cause businesses to avoid hiring women, thus causing even more sexism against women in a society that is already troublesome.

3. The two perspectives do agree with what research and scientific facts have shown, that there are certain biological differences between men and women that can be dangerous to ignore. If these differences are completely disregarded, there could be medical complications for the different sexes, which even those against the research can recognize.

4. The ideological differences between the perspectives involve morality. Is it more important that a group of people is treated correctly medically, or is it more important that the group lives in societal and cultural peace? Essentially this is the moral dilemma that must be faced in my argument.

5. The only action plan proposed by either side of the argument is either urging for or against sex-difference research being performed. And it appears that most of the arguments FOR sex-difference research are more invested in their perspective than those against it. Therefore, the affirmative side argues a plan to its audience more strongly.

6. My own argument is going to be that the research is sexist, purely for the sake of that side being easier to be emotional about, and I want my article to be very loaded and emotional. An example of this is a blog post that is equally as biased and emotional as I want my article to be about the subject. Considering I would be trying to post the argument to a site like buzzed, it won't be very academic.

7. The opposite side of the argument, which is factual articles and books that look like this, will probably be a problem going against my argument, is the opposite side contains far more evidence and facts on the subject than my side, which is mostly personal opinion.

Reflection: I read Lauren and Michael's Analyzing Context posts, and discovered that my own post shows that I have less of a grasp on my context. While I know the basic arguments of each perspective in my argument, I don't know the details and facts about each side. I also realized that for other peoples' arguments, there seems to be one more popular perspective than the other, but I am not sure which perspective is more popular in my case.

Saturday, October 24, 2015

Audience and Genre

University of Houston Libraries, "Audience at a Frontier Fiesta show"  1950 via Wikipedia Commons,  Public Domain
While I may like to think everyone cares about the topic of sex-difference research and the way it affects gender and sex equality in society, the truth is, not everyone does. Too many, the topic is low on the list of intrigues and priorities. However, there are target audiences that might be interested in learning a little more about the subject. A couple possible audiences for my argument on the topic are described below.

1. As one big conglomerate, scientists may be interested in my argument. Biologists, neuroscientists, (pharmacists,) and chemists may find sex-difference research important to learn about, as their careers may depend on this research in the future. As mentioned in the Cahill argument I previously studied, a lack of placement of importance on sex-differences cause major injuries and even deaths after the FDA approved pharmaceutical drugs for women that were only tested on men. All types of scholars involved in medicinal, health, or scientific fields could learn from the arguments about this research. I would publish my argument on JNeurosci (the Journal of Neuroscience), or Dana.org (where Cahill's argument was published) to reach this audience.

2. Another group that could be a target audience for my argument is those interested in the hot topic of gender inequality. Whether it be politicians, women's rights advocates, or just people passionate about the problems with gender in modern society, all of these groups would find a great interest in whether there is an innate difference between men and women, and if that difference should be further developed or not.  Since this is a more broad audience, I could post the argument on a regular media source with opinionated articles, such as Slate, or I could post it to a thread involving women's rights advocates, such as this one.

Extended Annotated Bibliography

futureatlas.com, "Citation Needed" 10/30/10 via Flickr, Creative Commons License
This post serves as a reference for the sources I have used, am using, and will use for my argument in project three. In my extended annotated bibliography I included sources that answer most, if not all, of the major questions I proposed as topics for discussion in my "Narrowing my Focus" post. ai may have to add to this list later on, as I find new sources that offer different facts and opinions to my argument later on, so this bibliography is a work in progress, but complete for now.

Narrowing My Focus

Derferman, "Magnifying Glass" 1/7/08 via Wikipedia Commons,  Public Domain
From the questions I wrote previously that seemed important to ask for my topic of discussion, several stood our as questions that I could go in depth on answering. In this post I will describe which questions I will be focusing on and why.

"Who is at the very center or beginning of the controversy on sex-difference research? Who brought it to the attention of the public and fellow scientists?"

- This question stood out to me because I feel like it answers many different questions in one, and is just broad enough to be able to find a good amount of information on, without being so broad that I can't narrow in on what the question is asking. By answering this question I can answer the questions of who is at the center of the controversy, when and how the controversy started, and how it was introduced to others, which are all questions of which the answers are not immediately clear without a little research, but I imagine very intriguing.

"What threat does sex-difference research pose to gender/sex equality in society?"

-This question is probably the most interesting one to me. The entire controversy of sex-difference research revolves around this question, so I feel it is a vital one to ask. I am interested in the answer to this question from a neuroscientists point of view, a student's point of view, a woman's point of view, and a general societal point of view. Because of this I feel like this question appeals to a large audience and many will also want to learn the answer to this question.

"What is the difference in argument on sex-difference research between America and other countries?"

-I did not need 3 questions to focus on, but this question was too interesting to go without asking. I feel as if too many articles and arguments are written from an extremely "Western Society" point of view, disregarding what is going on in other countries, only to focus on the U.S. As gender inequality is a main problem worldwide, not just in the U.S., I am interested in seeing how other countries handle similar research, and how the controversy plays out there.

Questions About Controversy

Neutrality, "Question Mark" 06/13/05 via Wikipedia Commons,  Public Domain
In project one I focused on the concept of mind control in the field of neuroscience, but that proved to be a very difficult topic to study since it was new to my field (in its practicality) and not discussed often or with great passion or argument. For project two, I took the approach of studying sex-difference research in neuroscience, and that proved much more interesting and heated of a debate. Because of this, I will use the sex-difference research as my topic of study for project three. While I covered a great deal of the topic in the last project, there are still many questions left unanswered about the topic, some of which that intrigue me the most are listed below.

WHO:

1. Who, besides Cahill, is extremely passionate and optimistic about sex-difference research and why?

2. Who, on the opposite side of the argument, is extremely passionate about disagreeing with sex-difference research and why?

3. Who is at the very center or beginning of the controversy on sex-difference research? Who brought it to the attention of the public and fellow scientists?

WHAT:

1. What threat does sex-difference research pose to gender/sex equality?

2. What exactly does sex-difference research entail, and how is it studied/experimented?

3. What is the most prominent argument against sex-difference research and what is its major argument?

WHEN:

1. When did sex-difference research start? Was there a specific event or reason it began to be researched?

2. Did sex-difference research ever coincide with times of major issues in gender equality social settings throughout its history?

3. What is the most recent argument that can be found on sex-difference research?

WHERE:

1. What university or research lab first hosted sex-difference research?

2. What university or research lab now has a large focus in sex-difference research?

3. What is the difference in argument on sex-difference research between America and other countries?

HOW:

1. How has sex-difference research been argued scholarly? Has it been a popular topic in scholarly journals for the field of neuroscience?

2. How was sex-difference research introduced to the mass media/social media?

3. How do those in the mass media/social media feel about the argument of sex-difference research?

Reflection on Project 2

jourixia, "Reflection", 10/12/12 via Deviantart, Creative Commons License
Overall, the process of writing this piece was much easier for me than the QRG we had to write for project one. In reflecting upon this project, I realized there was not much I feel that I did incorrectly, or wish I could go back in time and do differently, as I felt with the first project. This reflection goes in depth on my writing and revision process for project 2.

1. While I revised many parts of my essay, I placed most of my focus on the revision of my introduction and conclusion. I completely started the two from scratch, as per request, and realized that much of what I had written previously had very little substance or relevance to my purpose, and was just filler. I revised the two in every aspect-- organization, purpose, structure-- until I felt that they effectively added the framework I needed for my piece. The rest of my revision was mainly just minor edits, and the addition of some evidence, because my essay was originally lacking much evidence.

2. In terms of my thesis, not much was changed. My thesis was the only part of my introduction that actually did work, and those who commented on my rough draft agreed that it was pretty good for our purposes. I did edit it however to add the word "effectively", as to make it clear and explicit what my feelings were on Cahill's argument. In a more broad sense, I did not change much of the organization of my piece, or if I did, it is solely due to the different direction that my revised introduction headed my piece in comparison to the old introduction.

3.  What led to these changes wasn't necessarily a shift in purpose, as much as it was a better understanding of purpose. Originally, it was hard for me to fully grasp what our purpose was for this project, who we were addressing, what we were addressing, and how we were supposed to address it. After writing my rough draft and revising, I realized I did not fully answer our informal prompt of describing explicitly to the audience how an effective argument in our field is laid out. So most of the changes I made were due to this realization.

4. I don't really feel like these changes add or subtract any credibility in my writing, but the audience might definitely consider me more credible in my writing after my revisions, as there is more bulk and evidence to the piece, so there is a better chance for the audience to see where I am getting my information from, rather than me making broad, unsupported claims.

5. These changes better address the audience because I am explicit in my acknowledgement of my purpose in this piece, what the audience is trying to gain from reading my piece. By acknowledging this, there is a more comfortable and relatable aspect to my writing that helps me to connect with my audience and provide them with what they need to know for drafting an argument in our field.

6. I did not edit much of my sentence structure, punctuation, or grammar. I changed a few sentences to help my paragraphs flow better, but most of this came with the addition of new support and evidence that helped made my writing sound better simply because it didn't sound as vague. I added an apostrophe or two where they were needed, and made use of dashes which I rarely employ in my writing, but overall, my sentence structures remained.

7. The few changes I did make in structure and punctuation will help my readers by avoiding the confusion that might be caused by poor phrasing or organization. Without good structuring and punctuation in a piece, it can become confusing and distracting for the reader, causing the reader to focus more on the technical aspects of the writing than the writing's actual purpose. So, potentially, I dodged these distractions.

8. The only way in which I reconsidered conventions in my field when writing and revising my piece was when I considered how important evidence was in my field, and therefore placed more weight on the logos part of my rhetorical argument. Other than this, no other conventions relate enough to my field of study enough for me to have to reconsider.

9. Overall, I feel I learned much about myself as a writer through this revision process. In all honesty, I am a very stubborn person, so often when I am revising my writing I am thinking of how I can change a few things without losing much of what I already worked to achieve. Scrapping my introduction was like pulling teeth for me, but in the end it was very worth it, and made me reconsider my editing process as a whole.

Reflection: After reading Lauren and Tom's reflections on their revision processes, I discovered that mine was not incredibly different from theirs. The three of us paid the most attention to the revision of our introductions and conclusions, and instead of reconsidering many other parts of our essays, we simply revised and tweaked them to work with the rest of the piece. I think, in comparison, I probably made less changes to my piece than the others did, but that's because I felt pretty good about my piece as I was reading along. I think all three of us, along with the rest of the class, truly learned a lot about what works in our own writing and revision with this project.

Project 2 Final Draft

Jenny C., "Stack of Papers" 8/20/12 via Flickr, CC0 License
Here is my final draft of my Project 2. I feel like I did most of my editing to my introduction and conclusion, but I actually don't think that is a bad thing. I learned a lot in this unit of what an introduction can add to a piece, it works as the framework, the foundation for the entirety of the piece. Having a solid introduction allows you something to work off of when writing (or in my case editing) the body paragraphs.

Punctuation, Part 2

Jelte, "Semicolon" 6/12/05 via Wikipedia Commons, Public Domain
Punctuation is one of the most important aspects to a piece of writing. As per the famous example, there's a huge difference between "the panda eats shoots and leaves", and "the panda eats, shoots, and leaves." In this post I will be analyzing punctuation in my own writing.

1. The comma- The comma helps segment writing to help shape and aid the flow of the writing. It is clear to me when to use commas in lists or when using appositives, but it is not as clear when to use commas otherwise. For instance, using a comma after an introductory clause, as described in 32b of Rules for Writers, is something I often forget to do. And I also regularly fail to use commas to join independent clauses correctly. An example of this from my own writing is when I say  "[l]et’s say you’re about to go skydiving." This sentence does not stand well alone, and should have been joined with the sentence that follows through the use of a comma, to help the piece flow better.

2. The apostrophe- Apostrophes appear easy to employ in writing. All one really has to remember is to use apostrophe's when making something possessive. EX: "It is Molly's room." But apostrophes are also useful in contractions and abbreviations for numbers. The most common mistake in most writing is the misuse of the apostrophe, or placement of it in the wrong place. For instance, I didn't know it was incorrect to use an apostrophe when forming the plural of numbers and letters, such as the 1960s.

3. Other punctuation marks- I do not often use many, if any, other punctuation marks in my writing besides the question mark. The example using a question mark from my piece is "what does neuroscience and gender equality have in common?" It is effective because it adds some variation in the punctuation and tone of the writing. Partially I avoid other punctuation because I find things like dashes, ellipses, and exclamation points difficult to fit into my writing. However, I want to look back over my writing now and add some variation in my punctuation.

Saturday, October 17, 2015

Paragraph Analysis 2

Bondus, Jonathan, "Stack of Copy Paper" 7/11/11 via Wikipedia Commons CCA License
In this post I am providing my Paragraph Analysis for my Project 2 Rough Draft.

Looking through my paragraphs, it is plain to see that I don't have my main idea incorporated in a way that is clear and makes my piece effective. I also don't have much explanation to my main idea, as I don't incorporate much evidence. These are all things I need to work on revising. My organization and transitions also need to be revisited, now that I can see what ended up working and what just made the paragraphs more confusing.

Revised Conclusion

M1-L3C, "CONCLUSION" 11/27/13 via Wikipedia Commons,  Creative  Commons Attribution License
In this post I got rid of my conclusion from my rough draft and started over, which needed to be done with such a vague, disinteresting conclusion. While my first conclusion didn't add anything for the reader, my 2nd conclusion adds the answer of the "So What?" question for the reader, which is far more interesting and effective. My 2nd conclusion also ties into things i mentioned in my introduction, while still including pieces of my thesis, therefore making my essay more seamless.

Old Conclusion:

"Cahill uses the rhetorical strategies of appealing to logic, credibility, and emotion in his argument to convince his audience of the importance of sex-difference research. His argument demonstrates an effective argument in neuroscience, as you need all three strategies to convince someone of an unpopular opinion in a field that is so important, factual, and controversial."

New Conclusion:

While inequality among the sexes is extremely problematic in wage gaps, the workforce, and virtually all other aspects of society, it is actually an important differentiation in the field of neuroscience. Through effective use of evidence, scientific expertise, and dramatic tone, Cahill convinces his audience, which he assumes may disagree with his sex-difference research, as many others did, that the research matters and should continue. Cahill's argument is a perfect example of what we should aim towards for an argument in our field, convincing the audience of the impossible to convince, through nothing more than evidence, credibility, and appeals to emotion.

Revised Introduction

Schurz, Carl, "The New South - Introduction" 2014 via Wikipedia Commons, CC0 License  
In this post, I revised (totally changed) the introduction that I produced for my rough draft. I found this introduction to be a drastic improvement to my previous one. It is still in the same basic format, but now there is more of a link between my thesis and my topic sentence, and there is more inclusion of the rhetorical situation. I also did not mention the effectiveness of my author's argument in my first introduction, whereas in my revised introduction, I did! Overall I found the process of scrapping my first intro VERY helpful, otherwise I would have just changed a few words and called it a day.

Old introduction: 

"What do Neuroscience and Gender Equality have in common? Neither are to be taken lightly. In the field of Neuroscience, it is easiest to convince your readers of an argument you are passionate about when you are seen as a credible and factual source, before providing your audience with the passionate, dramatic appeal to emotion that will help convince them on moral grounds, especially when the two conflicting subjects have such high moral and cultural implications. This is why Dr. Larry Cahill, in his  2014 article "Equal =/= The Same: Sex Differences in the Human Brain", employs strategies such as personal stories and expertise, as well as a dramatic tone implying annoyance with the current situation to effectively convince the reader through an appeal to both emotion and credibility of his argument. Cahill also includes use of historical and relevant evidence and statistics to provide context for the reader, helping him gain credibility and therefore agreeability even more."

New Introduction:

"Neuroscientists consistently make the seemingly sexist claim that men and women are inherently different. Dr. Larry Cahill insists they aren't wrong, and that ignoring the science behind these claims can be dangerous. Let's Clarify: Cahill is not a self-proclaimed sexist. In fact, Cahill believes strongly in the political and social equality of the sexes, just not the biological equality. In the field of neuroscience, containing controversies such as these, it is hard to make an argument that everyone will agree with, despite the obvious factual evidence a neuroscientist may be able to provide. The issue to overcome when writing your argument is convincing your audience that you are someone worth listening to, and that the cultural and moral implications, as well as the evidence, on your side of the argument surpasses that of the other side of the argument in the long run. This is why Dr. Larry Cahill, in his 2014 article "Equal =/= The Same: Sex Differences in the Human Brain", employs strategies such as describing personal stories and his scientific expertise, as well as using a dramatic tone implying impatience and frustration with the current situation to convince the reader through an appeal to the audience's interest in both Cahill's emotional reaction and his credibility in his community. Cahill also includes use of historical and relevant evidence from credible sources to provide the context of the purpose behind his argument, helping him gain credibility and therefore agreeability even more.

Reflection on Project 2 Draft

ClkerFreeVectorImages, "Cloud, Thinking" 2014 via Pixabay, CC0 Public Domain License
My draft is definitely a work in progress. Overall, I found this draft harder, but less stressful and more familiar to write than the draft for project one. This post is my reflection on my project 2 draft. I reviewed both Thomas and Chingiz' drafts.


  • I believe my thesis is clear and identifiable in my piece, It points to specific parts of my rhetorical situation, but in all honesty I need to work on making this part more specific, by alluding to the appeals in ways other than their definitions "appeals to emotions". It is also unanimously agreed that my thesis and my intro don't tie in together seamlessly, so I need to work on tying them together. 
  • My essay is structured in a typical essay format. There is an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each paragraph does have a central point that relates to my thesis, but I was not very careful in organizing my evidence and analysis, so there is not necessarily much of each in each paragraph, nor is it structured in a way that might help the reader understand it and how it relates back to the main point.
  • I analyzed the author's purpose/context, and vaguely the audience by mentioning what type of audience the author might pitch his argument to, but I did not go in depth in analyzing the audience or author of the situation, so that I could improve upon in my writing.
  • I did not really thoroughly explain why each strategy was employed, which I need to fix. I briefly described how each strategy affects the audience, but not in a way that answers the question of why these strategies are used in a more specific sense, or how/why these affect the audience. By going more in depth about the audience and rhetorical situation, this will be easier to fix, I assume.
  • I used evidence in each of my paragraphs, but not much of it. After looking over other drafts and reading the comments on mine, I realized I need more evidence and more specificity in the evidence I provide than what I have now. Evidence helps the audience grasp the situation better, and establishes my own credibility. The evidence I do provide does explain how it is relevant though, I think.
  • I possibly leave the reader wanting more just because my draft is short and does not give much information/evidence to the reader, or analysis that goes in depth about why the author employs the strategies they do. My conclusion answers the question of "what did I just talk about" but not "so what" as it doesn't really bring any new insight or explanation for the reader, which most good conclusions do, so I will fix that as I edit.